ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Base level</title>

</head>

Base level

</h1>

</header>

In <a href="Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> a base level is the lower limit for the <a href="Vertical_position" title="Vertical position">vertical position</a> of an <a href="Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a> The modern term was introduced by <a href="John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a> The term was subsequently appropriated by <a href="William_Morris_Davis" title="William Morris Davis">William Morris Davis</a> who used it in his <a href="Cycle_of_erosion" title="Cycle of erosion">cycle of erosion</a> theory.<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orme2007-2">[2]</a> The "ultimate base level" is the surface that results from horizontal projection of the <a href="Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> under landmasses (the <a href="Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a> It is to this base level that <a href="Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> tends to approach due to erosion, eventually forming a <a href="Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplain</a> close to the end of a cycle of erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenetal2013-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karnaetal2014-6">[6]</a>

There are also lesser <a href="Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">structural</a> base levels where erosion is delayed by resistant rocks.<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a> Examples of this include <a href="Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> regions underlain by insoluble rock.<a href="#cite_note-Ford2004-7">[7]</a> Base levels may be local when large landmasses are far from the sea or disconnected from it, as in the case of <a href="Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a> An example of this is the <a href="Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>, in which the <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> dried up making the base level drop more than 1000 m below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goudie2005-9">[9]</a>

The height of a base level also influences the position of <a href="River_delta" title="River delta">deltas</a> and <a href="River_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="River terrace">river terraces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a> Together with <a href="River_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="River discharge">river discharge</a> and <a href="Sediment_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment flux">sediment flux</a> the position of the base level influences the <a href="Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">gradient</a>, width and <a href="River_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="River bed">bed</a> conditions in rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Whipple2004-10">[10]</a> A relative drop in base level can trigger re-adjustments in <a href="River_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="River profile">river profiles</a> including <a href="Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">knickpoint</a> migration and abandonment of terraces leaving them "hanging".<a href="#cite_note-Spotila2004-11">[11]</a> Base level fall is also known to result in <a href="Progradation" title="Progradation">progradation</a> of deltas and river sediment at lakes or sea.<a href="#cite_note-Kossetal1994-12">[12]</a> If the base level falls below the <a href="Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, rivers may form a plain of <a href="Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided rivers</a> until <a href="Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">headward erosion</a> penetrates enough inland from the <a href="Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">shelfbreak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kossetal1994-12">[12]</a>

When base levels are stable or rising rivers may <a href="Aggradation" title="Aggradation">aggrade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kossetal1994-12">[12]</a> Rising base levels may also drown the lower courses of rivers creating <a href="Ria" title="Ria">rias</a>. This happened in the <a href="Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> during the <a href="Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a> when its lower course became, in a relatively short time, a large estuary extending up to 900 km inland from the Mediterranean coast.<a href="#cite_note-Goudie2005-9">[9]</a>

Base level change may be related to the following factors:

<ol><li><a href="Sea_level_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea level change">Sea level change</a><a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">Tectonic movement</a><a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">River capture</a><a href="#cite_note-Goudie2004-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>Extensive sedimentation<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFGoudie2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)" title="Andrew Goudie (geographer)">Goudie, A.S.</a> (2004). "Base level". In Goudie, A.S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge. p. 62.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Orme2007-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Orme2007_2-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrme2007" class="citation journal cs1">Orme, Anthony R. (2007). "The Rise and Fall of the Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude, Fugue, Coda, and Sequel". Physical Geography. 28 (6): 474–506. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhGeo..28..474O">2007PhGeo..28..474O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2747%2F0272-3646.28.6.474">10.2747/0272-3646.28.6.474</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128907423">128907423</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Phillips-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_3-0">^</a> Phillips, Jonathan D. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X01001568">"Erosion, isostatic response, and the missing peneplains"</a>, <a href="Geomorphology_(journal)" title="Geomorphology (journal)">Geomorphology</a>, Vol. 45, No. 3-4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home">Elsevier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124190936/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home">Archived</a> 2010-01-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 15 June 2002, pp. 225-241. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-555X%2801%2900156-8">10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00156-8</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Chorley, R.J. (1973). The History and Study of Landforms or The Development of Geomorphology. Vol. Two: The Life and Work of William Morris Davis, Methuen.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Greenetal2013-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenetal2013_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenLidmar-BergströmJapsenBonow2013" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Paul F.; <a href="Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Karna Lidmar-Bergström">Lidmar-Bergström, Karna</a>; Japsen, Peter; Bonow, Johan M.; Chalmers, James A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34194%2Fgeusb.v30.4673">"Stratigraphic landscape analysis, thermochronology and the episodic development of elevated, passive continental margins"</a>. <a href="Geological_Survey_of_Denmark_and_Greenland" title="Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland">Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin</a>. 30: 18. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34194%2Fgeusb.v30.4673">10.34194/geusb.v30.4673</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Karnaetal2014-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Karnaetal2014_6-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLidmar-BergströmBonowJapsen2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Karna Lidmar-Bergström">Lidmar-Bergström, Karna</a>; Bonow, Johan M.; Japsen, Peter (2013). "Stratigraphic Landscape Analysis and geomorphological paradigms: Scandinavia as an example of Phanerozoic uplift and subsidence". <a href="Global_and_Planetary_Change" title="Global and Planetary Change">Global and Planetary Change</a>. 100: 153–171. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GPC...100..153L">2013GPC...100..153L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2012.10.015">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.015</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ford2004-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Ford2004_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFord2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ford, Derek C. (2004). "Cave". In <a href="Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)" title="Andrew Goudie (geographer)">Goudie, A.S.</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge. pp. 124–128.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFairbridgeFinkl_Jr.1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Rhodes_Fairbridge" title="Rhodes Fairbridge">Fairbridge, Rhodes W.</a>; Finkl Jr., Charles W. (1980). "Cratonic erosion unconformities and peneplains". <a href="The_Journal_of_Geology" title="The Journal of Geology">The Journal of Geology</a>. 88 (1): 69–86. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JG.....88...69F">1980JG.....88...69F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F628474">10.1086/628474</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129231129">129231129</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Goudie2005-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goudie2005_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goudie2005_9-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoudie2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)" title="Andrew Goudie (geographer)">Goudie, A.S.</a> (2005). "The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous". <a href="Geomorphology_(journal)" title="Geomorphology (journal)">Geomorphology</a>. 67 (3–4): 437–456. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Geomo..67..437G">2005Geomo..67..437G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2004.11.008">10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Whipple2004-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Whipple2004_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWhipple2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Whipple, Kelin X. (2004). "Bedrock channel". In <a href="Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)" title="Andrew Goudie (geographer)">Goudie, A.S.</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge. pp. 81–82.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Spotila2004-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Spotila2004_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSpotila2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Spotila, James A. (2004). "Crustal deformation". In <a href="Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)" title="Andrew Goudie (geographer)">Goudie, A.S.</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge. pp. 201–203.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kossetal1994-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kossetal1994_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossetal1994_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossetal1994_12-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFKossEthridgeSchumm1994" class="citation journal cs1">Koss, John E.; Ethridge, Frank G.; Schumm, S.A. (1994). "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Base-Level Change on Fluvial, Coastal Plain and Shelf Systems". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 64B (2): 90–98. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2FD4267F64-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D">10.1306/D4267F64-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBabaultVan_Den_DriesscheBonnetCastelltort2005" class="citation journal cs1">Babault, Julien; Van Den Driessche, Jean; Bonnet, Stephanie; Castelltort, Sébastien; Crave, Alain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:20401/ATTACHMENT01">"Origin of the highly elevated Pyrenean peneplain"</a>. Tectonics. 24 (2): n/a. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Tecto..24.2010B">2005Tecto..24.2010B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004TC001697">10.1029/2004TC001697</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="River_morphology249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="River_morphology249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a></li>

<li><a href="Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li>

<li><a href="Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li>

<li><a href="River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li>

<li><a href="River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li>

<li><a href="River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li>

<li><a href="Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li>

<li><a href="Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li>

<li><a href="Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li>

<li><a href="Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li>

<li><a href="Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li>

<li><a href="River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li>

<li><a href="River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li>

<li><a href="River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li>

<li><a href="Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Degradation_(geology)" title="Degradation (geology)">Degradation (geology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion_and_tectonics" title="Erosion and tectonics">Erosion and tectonics</a></li>

<li><a href="River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">River rejuvenation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion#Water" title="Erosion">Water erosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Playfair's_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction" title="List of rivers that have reversed direction">List of rivers that have reversed direction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Base_level&oldid=1293489546">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>